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　　Passage 4

　　Keeping the Zeal of a Startup as You Scale

　　There are many reasons that founder-led companies are so good at disrupting industries and making life miserable for show-moving incumbents. But perhaps the most powerful is that founders create great insurgencies. They ignore established industry rules and boundaries. They create better ways to solve old problems. They disdain anything that burs their focus on the front line. From top to bottom, they at war against the industry leaders on behalf underserved customers.

　　Our research on what we call the “founder’s mentality” shows that maintaining a strong insurgent mission is critical to long-term, sustainable growth. But to compete long term, insurgent companies also need to develop scale and scope, which very often dulls their insurgent’s zeal in many ways, this is because their perspective on the future slowly changes. Insurgents see the days ahead—both long and short term—as ripe with opportunity. They embrace change and chaos they invest in whatever it takes to innovate new solutions for customers. In comments, on the other hand, very often see the future as threat As leaders invested heavily in the status quo, innovation and disruption are not good for therm. Turbulence erodes profitability, innovation marginalizes their current product offerings. The future is not better.

　　The companies that find a way to achieve scale without losing their insurgent mission---we call them “Scale Insurgents”--remain acutely alert to this difference in perspective. They actively fight back against the very natural tendency to retreat behind the castle walls to avoid future change and turbulence, instead, they do what in some companies might seem likeheresy. They commit to disrupting their own insurgency. They know that acquiring the benefits of scale requires ruthless focus on a well-defined core business and a commitment to building the systems and processes to support it. But they aren’t wedded to their business model—they are wedded to what will serve their customers best Rather than erecting defenses against the future, they embrace the notion of limitless horizons—the idea that a company can intelligently extend the boundaries of its core ever outward.

　　1. According to paragraph l, why are founder-led companies often con side red as “insurgents”? ( )

　　A. Because they often get more supports from the customers.

　　B. Because they often damage the market order.

　　C. Because they often challenge the old companies in many ways.

　　D. Because they often make more money than old companies.

　　2. Which of the following is NOT a representation of startups’ “rebellions”? ( )

　　A. They are more concentrated and tend to stick to their goals.

　　B. They frequently defeat old companies in competitions.

　　C. They try figure out new ways to solve problems.

　　D. They do not follow existing rules.

　　3. What is main difference between an “insurgent” company and an “incumbent” company? ( )

　　A. An insurgent company invests more in the future while an incumbent company invests more in the status quo.

　　B. An insurgent company prefers chaos to stability.

　　C. An insurgent company loves challenging the incumbent companies.

　　D. An insurgent company sees changes as opportunities while an incumbent company loves stability more.

　　4. The word “heresy” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ( ).

　　A. Surprising cat

　　B. Brilliant idea

　　C. Evil belief

　　D. Untraditional opinion

　　5. In the author’s opinion, what is a “scale insurgents”? ( )

　　A. A startup company that maintains its original quality in the process of scaling up.

　　B. An insurgent company that turned into an incumbent company.

　　C. An insurgent company that managed to make steady profits.

　　D. A startup company that succeeded in scaling up.